1931 Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the
Rockefeller
Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects
with cancer
cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological
Warfare
facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the
U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of
radiation
exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian
hospital
patients.
1932 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men
diagnosed with
syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied
treatment, and
instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the
progression
and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from
syphilis,
their families never told that they could have been treated.
1935 The Pellagra Incident. After millions of
individuals die from
Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health
Service
finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency
admits it
had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a
niacin
deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured
within
poverty-striken black populations.
1940 Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected
with Malaria in
order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to
combat the
disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this
American
study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.
1942 Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas
experiments on
approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue
until 1945 and
made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human
guinea pigs
rather than serve on active duty.
1943 In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare
program, the U.S.
begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.
1944 U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and
clothing.
Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to
mustard gas and
lewisite.
1945 Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State
Department, Army
intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer
them
immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top
secret
government projects in the United States.
1945 "Program F" is implemented by the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health
effects of
fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb
production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man,
fluoride, it
is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central
nervous system
but much of the information is squelched in the name of
national
security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
full-scale
production of atomic bombs.
1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs
for medical
experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given
to change
the word "experiments" to
"investigations" or "observations" whenever
reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's
veteran's
hospitals.
1947 Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Comission
issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947)
stating
that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of
radioactive substances to human subjects.
1947 The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential
weapon for use by
American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and
military) are
used with and without their knowledge.
1950 Department of Defense begins plans to detonate
nuclear weapons
in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical
problems and
mortality rates.
1950 I n an experiment to determine how susceptible an
American city
would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud
of bacteria
from ships over San Franciso. Monitoring devices are situated
throughout
the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many
residents become
ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
1951 Department of Defense begins open air tests using
disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through
1969 and
there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have
been exposed.
1953 U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium
sulfide gas over
Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy
River Valley
in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to
determine how
efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
1953 Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in
which tens of
thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed
to the
airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
1953 CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven
year research
program designed to produce and test drugs and biological
agents that
would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six
of the
subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human
beings.
1955 The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to
infect human
populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria
withdrawn from
the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.
1955 Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research,
studying its
potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than
1,000
Americans participate in the tests, which continue until
1958.
1956 U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with
Yellow Fever
over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test,
Army agents
posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
1958 LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's
Chemical Warfare
Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
1960 The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence
(ACSI)
authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East.
Testing of
the european population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE;
testing of
the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965 Project CIA and Department of Defense begin
Project MKSEARCH, a
program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior
through the
use of mind-altering drugs.
1965 Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in
Philadelphia are
subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of
Agent Orange
used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development
of cancer,
which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected
carcinogen all
along.
1966 CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test
the
toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
1966 U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant
niger throughout
the New York City subway system. More than a million
civilians are
exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the
bacteria
onto ventilation grates.
1967 CIA and Department of Defense implement Project
MKNAOMI,
successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and
test
biological and chemical weapons.
1968 CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning
drinking water
by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in
Washington,
D.C.
1969 Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense
requests from
congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a
synthetic
biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.
1970 Funding for the synthetic biological agent is
obtained under
H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is
carried
out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the
army's top
secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised
that molecular
biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like
retroviruses.
1970 United States intensifies its development of
"ethnic weapons"
(Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target
and
eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to
genetic
differences and variations in DNA.
1975 The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for
Biological
Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research
Facilities and
placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute
(NCI) . It
is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by
the U.S.
Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is
also here
that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity
exists. It is
later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).
1977 Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research
confirm that
239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological
agents between
1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco,
Washington,
D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
1978 Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted
by the CDC,
begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for
research
subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
1981 First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual
men in New York,
Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that
AIDS may have
been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
1985 According to the journal Science (227:173-177),
HTLV and VISNA,
a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close
taxonomic and
evolutionary relationship.
1986 According to the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences
(83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share
all
structural elements, except for a small segment which is
nearly
identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and
VISNA may
have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no
natural
immunity exists.
1986 A report to Congress reveals that the U.S.
Government's current
generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses,
naturally
occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic
engineering to change immunological character and prevent
treatment by
all existing vaccines.
1987 Department of Defense admits that, despite a
treaty banning
research and development of biological agents, it continues
to operate
research facilities at 127 facilities and universities around
the
nation.
1990 More than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic
babies in Los
Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine
that had never been
licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that
parents
were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their
children
was experimental.
1994 With a technique called "gene tracking,"
Dr. Garth Nicolson at
the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that
many
returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered
strain of
Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the
production of
biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure
is 40
percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been
man-made.
1994 Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report
revealing that for
at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds
of
thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for
intentional
exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included mustard
and nerve
gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and
drugs used
during the Gulf War .
1995 U.S. Government admits that it had offered
Japanese war
criminals and scientists who had performed human medical
experiments
salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data
on
biological warfare research.
1995 Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the
biological agents
used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX
and Boca
Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of
Corrections.
1996 Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm
soldiers were
exposed to chemical agents.
1997 Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter
demanding an
investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
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